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International Circulation: Current PFO (Patent Foramen Ovale) closure devices typically have components that remain within the heart forever and that may cause unfavorable adverse events like thrombosis， device fracture and erosion， embolization， etc. Are there any new findings or new therapy options for treatment of PFO in recent years? Professor Sommer: I think it’s a very important point. We have in general used these devices for upwards of two decades now. We know that the issues that occur with these devices late after the implant， such as thrombosis， erosion， and infection， those kinds of issues， are pretty much limited to the first few months after the procedure. Once the skin of the heart—the endothelium covers the device completely， then it’s really no longer an issue. So， for most of the patients， once they get past 3-6 months， we really feel very comfortable that there aren’t going to be any late issues. That being said， there are still issues that occur in the first few months after the procedure.